How to Protect Yourself in 7 Easy Steps When Buying a Used Car
These tips will prevent frustration down the road and save you money
Deputy Content Editor, Autos
Updated March 14, 2025
It’s important to thoroughly check out any used car you intend to buy. Even one with a good reliability record can be a problem if it hasn’t been properly maintained.
In general, with used vehicles, you want to avoid paying thousands of dollars for problems caused by the previous owner. You also don’t want to buy a used car with hidden damage from a crash, a flood, or some other incident that might affect its safety and performance.
Although car prices have softened since the heights reached in 2022 and 2023, they are still high. The average used-vehicle listing price in early February 2025 was $25,128, according to Cox Automotive, which is close to what it was in February 2024. Buying a problematic car will just add to your expenses.
Consumer Reports’ auto and finance experts have devised savvy tips to ensure that you’re getting a good used car. Remember that when buying a new or used car from a dealership, before anything else, you should carefully double-check the agreement and all the numbers.
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- When buying a used car: Test Drive Check the Title Get a Free Vehicle History Report But Don’t Rely Solely on That Report Check for Recalls Contact the Previous Owner Get a Mechanic’s Inspection
1. Take the Test Drive
Why you should: This is a good opportunity to determine if the vehicle is worth the asking price, and whether you can detect any problems with its drivetrain, steering, suspension, brakes, or other important systems. If you are considering a number of vehicles, try to drive them all on the same day so that you can compare them more easily.
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What you should do: Listen for squeaks and rattles, and pay attention to any items that need to be repaired. A car that pulls to one side might be showing signs of previous damage. Paint overspray on the back of body panels and doorjambs can signal bodywork from a wreck. The smell of mildew or mold could indicate water damage, which you definitely want to avoid.
CR’s chief mechanic, John Ibbotson, says to avoid vehicles with signs of deep water exposure. “Even if a vehicle looks acceptable and may be working when you inspect it,” he says, “water damage could lead to many electrical problems down the road.”
Take at least 30 minutes for each test drive. If you are looking at multiple cars, drive them over different road surfaces on the same loop. Make sure to document everything in your phone’s notes app or on paper. A dealer may insist on sending someone along with you, and a private seller will certainly want to be present during your drive.
Be wary if a seller refuses to let you test-drive the car. While they may be trying to keep tire-kickers from wasting their time and adding miles to the car, they may also be trying to hide something from you. Take this as a sign to walk away and look at a different car.
2. Check the Car’s Title
Why you should: This will help you avoid surprises that could pop up when you go to register the car.
What you should do: Make sure the seller has the actual title for the vehicle on hand. Examine the document for signs that the vehicle has been wrecked, repurchased under a state lemon-law program, suffered flood damage, or had another problem. Many state title documents will have that information on them. Some don’t have that information, so in those states, you should check the vehicle history report (see below).
Next, verify that the odometer statement on the title matches the number in the car and that the vehicle doesn’t have any outstanding liens. If the dealer doesn’t have the title or won’t show it to you, consider a different car or a different dealer.
3. Expect to Get a Free Vehicle History Report
Why you should: A vehicle history report is a collection of documents and records about a used car. It provides an overview of the vehicle’s history, from the time it was purchased through the current owner. These reports often detail whether a vehicle has been in a crash, its maintenance records, and how many owners it has had.
What you should do: Car dealers and savvy private sellers will pay for these reports—from Carfax or AutoCheck—to make their cars stand out to shoppers. Along with total-loss information, the reports might provide warnings about odometer tampering, collisions that weren’t a total loss, and any outstanding recalls.
The seller may pay for and provide a report, but you should still get your own. Expect to pay $45 for a single Carfax report and $30 (plus tax) for an AutoCheck report. As an extra precaution, you can go to nicb.org to get a free VinCheck report from the National Insurance Crime Bureau and carsforsale.com to get a free report from the National Motor Vehicle Title Information System (NMVTIS).
4. But Don’t Rely Solely on That Report
Why you shouldn’t: Though helpful, vehicle history reports aren’t perfect. There are many reasons they can miss accidents, flood damage, vehicle theft, and other events that can seriously affect a used car’s value as well as your decision about whether to buy it.
What you should do: Remain vigilant for conflicting information. These reports might be missing information because the services rely on data from insurance companies and police departments. However, the owner might not have reported a crash or other incident to an insurer or the police. One reason is that the owner may not have had collision coverage or the owner may have chosen to pay for repairs directly. In addition, damage to rental cars may never be reported because rental car companies often self-insure. Last, after an incident occurs it can take months for it to show up on a history report. By that time, the vehicle may have been repaired and resold. So make sure you get your own professional inspection.
5. Check for Recalls
Why you should: There may be safety recalls for the vehicle you’re considering.
What you should do: First, go to CR’s Car Recall Tracker or nhtsa.gov/recalls to research any open recalls. You’ll need the vehicle’s 17-digit vehicle identification number (VIN). Recall-related repairs are made free of charge, but the work must be done by a new-car dealer that sells that brand of vehicle. If you find any recalls for the VIN, ask the seller to provide receipts showing that the fixes have been done. You can also go to a dealer for that brand with the vehicle’s VIN to ask someone to check whether the car has had the recall work done.
Consumer Reports recommends that you not buy any vehicle with an open recall. With any vehicle you buy, make sure all of the recall repairs have been completed before you take possession.
6. Contact the Previous Owner
Why you should: Because you never know what you might find out.
What you should do: If you’re buying from a dealer, ask whether you can get the name and contact information of the previous owner. Unless it’s a former rental or leased vehicle, you can often find the former owner’s name on the title, or you might get lucky and find it on a document in the glove box or somewhere else in the car. Don’t believe a dealer who tells you federal law prohibits the dealership from revealing former owner information. In fact, some states—including Kentucky, Maine, and Massachusetts—require dealers to turn over former owner information if it’s reasonably available.
7. Get a Mechanic’s Inspection
Why you should: Even if the car looks clean and the seller promises it was driven gently, you should get an expert opinion on its roadworthiness.
What you should do: In a hot used car market, it can be a challenge to have a vehicle inspected by a reliable mechanic. With so many people looking for cars, sellers don’t need to accommodate requests like this. Still, it’s worth asking whether you can do so.
“If you can, have a mechanic experienced in auto bodywork and accident repair give the vehicle a detailed inspection,” CR’s John Ibbotson says. The results of this inspection will give you ammunition to negotiate a fair final price. Either you can get a lower price because you’re going to fix the problems the mechanic identified, or you could offer to pay their price if they fix the problems. Of course, you could ask that the problems be fixed and continue to haggle over the price.
If the seller won’t let you take the car for an inspection, you’ll have to decide whether you’re okay with making an offer. If the owner lacks sufficient maintenance history documentation, you may want to skip the offer and find another car.
Tips for Buying a Used Car
Play Video
There are a lot of things you need to check when shopping for a used car. On the “Consumer 101” TV show, Consumer Reports expert Keith Barry explains to host Jack Rico how to evaluate a pre-owned vehicle and negotiate with the dealership to get the best possible deal.
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